The ethical and scientific crossroads
Millions of animals suffer in laboratories across Europe and globally each year, including dogs, cats, monkeys, and rodents (1). This practice is undergoing a significant re-evaluation due to ethical concerns and scientific limitations. Animal experimentation, long a staple of biomedical research and regulatory testing, is increasingly challenged by evidence of its poor applicability to human health.
A paradigm shift is underway, driven by scientific innovation, ethical pressure, and policy reforms, moving towards animal-free research methodologies (2). These Non-Animal Methodologies (NAMs) aim not just to reduce animal suffering but to provide scientifically superior tools. The language is evolving from "alternatives" to "replacements" and "superior methods," reflecting growing confidence in human-based approaches (3). Advanced technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), organoids, and organs-on-a-chip, coupled with public demand for ethical science (e.g., European Citizens' Initiatives (4)), are accelerating this transition. This article explores the failings of animal experimentation, the potential of NAMs, global policy shifts in the EU and US, and the next steps towards animal-free science.